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4. Skin Changes
What to watch for:
New moles or spots
Changes to existing moles (size, shape, color)
Sores that don’t heal
Yellowing skin or eyes (jaundice)
Darkening, reddening, or itching of skin
The ABCDE rule for moles:
Asymmetry: One half doesn’t match the other
Border: Irregular, scalloped, or poorly defined edges
Color: Varied shades of brown, black, tan, red, white, or blue
Diameter: Larger than 6mm (about pencil eraser size)
Evolving: Changing in any way
What to do: See a dermatologist for any concerning spots.
5. Changes in Bathroom Habits
What to watch for:
Bladder:
Blood in urine
Changes in frequency
Pain or burning with urination
Difficulty starting or stopping
Bowel:
Blood in stool (bright red or dark/tarry)
Persistent diarrhea or constipation
Changes in stool shape (narrower than usual)
Feeling that bowel doesn’t empty completely
Why it matters: These can signal colorectal, bladder, kidney, or prostate cancers.
6. Persistent Cough or Hoarseness
What it looks like: A cough that lingers for weeks. Hoarseness that doesn’t improve. Coughing up blood (even a little).
Why it matters: Lung cancer can irritate airways. Hoarseness can indicate throat or thyroid cancer.
What to do: If you’re a smoker or former smoker, this deserves special attention. But anyone with a persistent cough should be evaluated.
7. Difficulty Swallowing
What it looks like: Food feels stuck in your throat or chest. Swallowing becomes effortful or painful. You’re avoiding certain foods because they’re hard to swallow.
Why it matters: This can signal throat, esophageal, or stomach cancer.
What to do: Don’t just assume it’s reflux or “a narrow throat.” Get it checked.
8. Lumps or Thickening
What it looks like: A new lump or thickening anywhere—breast, testicle, neck, armpit, groin.
Why it matters: Many cancers first present as a palpable mass. Not all lumps are cancer—but all lumps deserve evaluation.
What to do: See your doctor promptly. Most lumps are benign, but only a professional can tell.
9. Unexplained Bleeding
What it looks like:
Blood in urine or stool
Coughing up blood
Vomiting blood or material that looks like coffee grounds
Unusual vaginal bleeding (between periods, after menopause, after intercourse)
Why it matters: Bleeding is never normal when unexplained. It can signal cancers of the colon, bladder, kidney, lung, cervix, or uterus.
What to do: Don’t wait. Bleeding warrants prompt evaluation.
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